These research claim that low degrees of selenium affect the severity of viral infection. helps the phagocytic activity of macrophages, while vitamin C reduces the worsening of respiratory tract infections by repairing the dysfunctional epithelial barrier of the lungs. Vitamin D, vitamin E, selenium, and omega-3 fatty acid metabolites play a major part in immunomodulation and in the inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine production. Magnesium is involved in the synthesis of antibodies, while copper, vitamin B12, and folate have significant effects on immune cells. A few researchers suggest that iron supplementation offers reduced the risk of acquiring respiratory tract infections in children. As the age of the patient raises, the need for micronutrients raises, therefore leading to an imbalanced nutritional status which in turn increases Sulfachloropyridazine the risk and fatality of the infections. The use of micronutrients in modulating the inflammatory, immune responses, and the epithelial barrier integrity is definitely explored during the treatment of viral infections for faster recovery. 1. Intro The coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2), offers appeared in Wuhan, China, for the first time in late 2019, and the folks who are infected with the SARS-CoV-2 disease suffer from severe respiratory illness. Indeed, the elderly and people with comorbidities are the most vulnerable to COVID-19 [1]. With age and age-related nutritional status, there will be changes in the integrity of the membrane (physical barrier) and these will disrupt the immunological reactions. These changes may suppress the immune function and increase the chances of getting infected [2]. The vitamins and minerals neutralize the damage caused by oxidative providers, therefore helping us to understand the relationship between nourishment and illness rate [3]. The immunosuppression and limited junction impairment are seen in the initial stage of COVID-19 illness, which is definitely evidenced from the changes in the molecular level [4]. The major reasons for the hypoxemia in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are alveolar edema and the formation of exudate because of increased permeability of the alveolar epithelial barrier [5]. The permeability of the lung epithelium depends on a set of limited junctions’ heteromeric complexes, which help in sealing the interface between adjacent epithelial cells [4]. Tight junctions will also be reported between the epithelial cells in organs like the kidney, mind, and intestine [6, 7]. During disease illness, the breakdown of the epithelial barrier is seen as a result of the disruption of limited junction complexes [8]. Certain micronutrients have an ability to build a less leaky limited junction complex by changing the composition and structure of the limited junction, therefore enhancing the epithelial barrier integrity [9]. Micronutrients, along with their part in the maintenance and development of physical barriers, assist in enhancing immune function by being involved in the production of antimicrobial proteins and mediation of inflammatory processes [10]. Vitamin and mineral health supplements help in neutralizing the damaging effects of a few oxidative agents that can damage cells [11]. Deficiencies of particular nutrients suppress the immune function and increase the susceptibility to numerous infections [12C14]. 2. Part of Micronutrients in Modulating the Cell Membrane Barrier Integrity and Immune Response 2.1. Zinc Zinc Sulfachloropyridazine supplementation offers improved barrier integrity along with specific changes in limited junction complexes. Therefore, zinc supplementation can also alleviate the proinflammatory effect of cytokines, therefore preventing the impairment of barrier integrity. [15C17]. Zinc takes on a major part in modulating innate and adaptive immunity reactions and is also involved in cytokine production [18]. Therefore, high levels of zinc are associated with a vulnerability to illness [19]. A few experts proved that zinc is also involved in the production of IgG antibodies [20]. Zinc offers both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects. An optimum intake of it helps in limiting the overproduction of inflammatory cytokines. Zinc supplementation is found to have a direct antiviral effect on respiratory syncytial viruses, dengue viruses, and coronaviruses [21]. Chloroquine’s toxicity on viruses is enhanced when chloroquine is GRIA3 definitely given with zinc [22]. A few experts reported that combining Zn2+ and zinc-ionophores (such as pyrithione) can increase intracellular zinc ion concentration, which aids in Sulfachloropyridazine SARS-coronavirus inhibition [21]. As a result, zinc supplementation in combination with antiviral or antimicrobial providers has the potential to be beneficial [23]. 2.2. Vitamin A The innate immune response and cell-mediated immunity are controlled by Vitamin A. It is also involved in cytokine signaling and in humoral antibody immunity [22]. Jeopardized mucosal epithelium integrity is definitely observed in vitamin A deficiency that leads to improved susceptibility to illness via the eyes, respiratory, and gastrointestinal tract [24]. Therefore, vitamin A deficiency prospects to improved susceptibility.